inference: followups for #51754 (#52241)
Composed of:
- typeinf_local: factor into `update_cycle_worklists!` utility
(78f7b4ecf11b364e543bdfd46aa5fc49b7bdbf42)
- inference: fix exception type of `typename` call
(fac36d839cb545a1a12991596aafd5584f95bf3b)
- add missing type annotations
(7ce140ea782c847c2c2253a65301d295b10aa183)
- inference: refine exct information if `:nothrow` is proven
(76143d37b6563d2da4203747051ef8517453db0d)
- ~~improve exception type inference for core math functions
(525bd6c2538cbfebc9432df53b0005c9956079be)~~ Separated into another PR
