fix alignment computation for nested objects (#57722)
The alignment of a nested object (in C layouts) is not affected by the
alignment of its parent container when computing a field offset (as if
it will be allocated at address 0). This can be strongly
counter-intuitive (as it implies it should add padding where it does not
seem to provide value to the user), but this is required to match the C
standard. It also permits users to write custom allocators which happen
to provide alignment in excess of that which codegen may assume is
guaranteed, and get the behavioral characteristics they intended to
specify (without resorting to computing explicit padding).
Addresses
https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/issues/57713#issuecomment-2714111074
(Cherry-picked from ec3c02af5cd6e63631c7998792e41c679e1c5364 in
v1.11 backports branch)
