Unify `_checkbounds_array` into `checkbounds` and use it in more places (#58785)
Ref:
https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/pull/58755#discussion_r2158944282.
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Co-authored-by: Matt Bauman <mbauman@juliahub.com>
Co-authored-by: Matt Bauman <mbauman@juliacomputing.com>