Enable analyzegc checks for try catch and fix found issues (#53527)
This PR also makes a successful `JL_TRY` not do so much work + fixes
clang not finding the sdk when running those tests in macos.
Fixes https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/issues/
Co-authored-by: Cody Tapscott <84105208+topolarity@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Jameson Nash <vtjnash@gmail.com>