intrinsics: Implement arbitrary-width integer intrinsics in C (#61399)
This PR removes our dependency on LLVM for our arbitrary-precision
integer intrinsics, reducing the runtime's dependency on `libstdc++` /
LLVMSupport.
The main performance trade-off versus the LLVM implementation is that
this implements "schoolbook" multiplication / division, rather than
accelerated algorithms (I believe LLVM provides Knuth's "Algorithm D").
These intrinsics are used only rarely as a runtime / interpreted
fallback to native execution of these intrinsics via LLVM codegen, so I
doubt these implementations are performance-sensitive in practice.
This PR is significantly generated by AI and then refined / fixed by me,
especially in the areas of rounding, code structure, and sign bits.
Resolves #61421. Resolves #61419. Resolves #61423.
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Co-authored-by: Claude <claude@anthropic.com>