Document missing dependencies on Fedora, Debian (#60292)
Red Hat-based distros don't include the static version of libstdc++ in
their g++ packages, so document this dependency, as well as the
`USE_RT_STATIC_LIBSTDCXX=0` workaround if it isn't available. I also
looked for missing dependencies by compiling Julia in the base
`fedora:42` and `debian:12` images:
```dockerfile
FROM debian:12 AS build
ENV DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive
RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
build-essential libatomic1 python3 gfortran perl wget m4 cmake pkg-config \
curl git ca-certificates
WORKDIR /build
RUN git clone --depth=1 https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia.git
RUN cd julia && make -j binary-dist VERBOSE=1
```
```dockerfile
FROM fedora:42 AS build
RUN dnf install -y --nodocs --setopt=install_weak_deps=False \
gcc gcc-c++ gcc-gfortran python3 perl wget m4 cmake pkgconfig curl git \
which diffutils libatomic libstdc++-static
WORKDIR /build
RUN git clone --depth=1 https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia.git
RUN cd julia && make -j binary-dist VERBOSE=1
```
Reported by
https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/pull/60248#issuecomment-3598832861.
