Base.Linking: Link C runtime libraries by default (#61652)
Linux / Windows (glibc) equivalent to
https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/pull/61633.
This allows us to turn on `-z def` when linking the sysimage /
pkgimages. I tried to emulate a "standard" link via `gcc` as much as
possible. This change will also be useful for linking shared libraries /
executables generated by `--trim` / `JuliaC.jl`
Also fixes the `refresh_checksums.mk` bug that @giordano ran into in
https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/pull/61460.
