late-gc-lowering: Prevent infinite recursion (#42445)
Phi nodes are allowed to recursively depend on themselves, so
we need to keep track of which ones we have seen to avoid an
infinite recursion here. Apparently this doesn't usually come
up, but I did see if with tsan enabled.
(cherry picked from commit a9a1d80076f98b1e31197c22924acf24bf5da760)