incorporate upstream fixes to crc32c.c assembly (#52326)
These are a response to
[this comment](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/17645167/implementing-sse-4-2s-crc32c-in-software/17646775#comment88832559_17646775)
on StackOverflow:
> Your asm constraints aren't strictly safe. A pointer in a `"r"`
constraint does not imply that the pointed-to memory is also an input.
You could just use memory operands (or the `_mm_crc32_u64` intrinsic),
but if you want to force the addressing mode you can use a dummy memory
operand like `asm("crc32 (%1),%0 " : "+r"(crc0) : "r"(next), "m"
(*(const char (*)[24]) pStr) )`;. Inlining or LTO could break this. See
[at&t asm inline c++
problem](https://stackoverflow.com/posts/comments/81680441) (which needs
an update: pointer-to-array is cleaner than a struct with a flexible
array member).
The existing test coverage wasn't enough to fully exercise Adler's code,
so I added another test.
Closes #52325
