Add debug variant of loader_trampolines.o (#53437)
This prevents a race condition when building 'julia-cli-debug
julia-cli-release' simultaneously (as we do for libjulia_jll, and also
generally seems appropriate given what is done for all other source
files.
Motivated by https://github.com/JuliaPackaging/Yggdrasil/pull/8151 so
I'll first see if it works there.
Closes #45002.
