[internal] explicitly handle objects with dtype attribute in jax._src.dtypes.dtype
Why? Starting in NumPy 2.4, implicitly converting a JAX array to a dtype will raise a warning, and in future JAX releases this will be an error. Some downstream libraries (e.g. flax) trigger this warning; we can get around it by explicitly checking for a dtype attribute rather than falling back to `np.result_type`.
PiperOrigin-RevId: 896079997