[JAX] Generate more readable error for failed device deserialization in colocated Python
When deserializing a colocated Python function or input/output sharding, we
often need to deserialize a device using a device id. This is done by looking
up a CPU device map; this lookup can fail if the device id was referring to a
non-CPU device. Unfortunately, we would see a simple error message like
`KeyError: np.int64(0)` that does not give a context of the problem.
This change adds a slightly more context to the exception so that the error is
more actionable.
PiperOrigin-RevId: 729172296