feat: expose retry params in partition via api (#3724)
This PR:
- adds parameters to control the retry-mechanism behaviour for
`partition_via_api`:
```
retries_initial_interval: [int] = None,
retries_max_interval: Optional[int] = None,
retries_exponent: Optional[float] = None,
retries_max_elapsed_time: Optional[int] = None,
retries_connection_errors: Optional[bool] = None,
```
- adds tests that check using them according to defaults
