[red-knot] Typeshed patching: use build.rs instead of workflow (#15370)
## Summary
The symlink-approach in the typeshed-sync workflow caused some problems
on Windows, even though it seemed to work fine in CI:
https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/15138#issuecomment-2578642129
Here, we rely on `build.rs` to patch typeshed instead, which allows us
to get rid of the modifications in the workflow (thank you
@MichaReiser for the idea).
## Test Plan
- Made sure that changes to `knot_extensions.pyi` result in a recompile
of `red_knot_vendored`.