[red-knot] Import `LiteralString`/`Never` from `typing_extensions` (#14817)
## Summary
`typing.Never` and `typing.LiteralString` are only conditionally
exported from `typing` for Python versions 3.11 and later. We run the
Markdown tests with the default Python version of 3.9, so here we change
the import to `typing_extensions` instead, and add a new test to make
sure we'll continue to understand the `typing`-version of these symbols
for newer versions.
This didn't cause problems so far, as we don't understand
`sys.version_info` branches yet.
## Test Plan
New Markdown tests to make sure this will continue to work in the
future.