Add hidden `--extension` to override inference of source type from file extension (#8373)
## Summary
This PR addresses the incompatibility with `jupyterlab-lsp` +
`python-lsp-ruff` arising from the inference of source type from file
extension, raised in #6847.
In particular it follows the suggestion in
https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/issues/6847#issuecomment-1765724679 to
specify a mapping from file extension to source type.
The source types are
- python
- pyi
- ipynb
Usage:
```sh
ruff check --no-cache --stdin-filename Untitled.ipynb --extension ipynb:python
```
Unlike the original suggestion, `:` instead of `=` is used to associate
file extensions to language since that is what is used with
`--per-file-ignores` which is an existing option that accepts a mapping.
## Test Plan
2 tests added to `integration_test.rs` to ensure the override works as
expected
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Co-authored-by: Charlie Marsh <charlie.r.marsh@gmail.com>