[ty] Add a `--quiet` mode (#19233)
Adds a `--quiet` flag which silences diagnostic, warning logs, and
messages like "all checks passed" while retaining summary messages that
indicate problems, e.g., the number of diagnostics.
I'm a bit on the fence regarding filtering out warning logs, because it
can omit important details, e.g., the message that a fatal diagnostic
was encountered. Let's discuss that in
https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/19233#discussion_r2195408693
The implementation recycles the `Printer` abstraction used in uv, which
is intended to replace all direct usage of `std::io::stdout`. See
https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/19233#discussion_r2195140197
I ended up futzing with the progress bar more than I probably should
have to ensure it was also using the printer, but it doesn't seem like a
big deal. See
https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/pull/19233#discussion_r2195330467
Closes https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/issues/772
