[ty] Fix subtyping/assignability of function- and class-literal types to callback protocols (#20363)
## Summary
Fixes https://github.com/astral-sh/ty/issues/377.
We were treating any function as being assignable to any callback
protocol, because we were trying to figure out a type's `Callable`
supertype by looking up the `__call__` attribute on the type's
meta-type. But a function-literal's meta-type is `types.FunctionType`,
and `types.FunctionType.__call__` is `(...) -> Any`, which is not very
helpful!
While working on this PR, I also realised that assignability between
class-literals and callback protocols was somewhat broken too, so I
fixed that at the same time.
## Test Plan
Added mdtests