Update the Python module (notably `find_ruff_bin`) for parity with uv (#23406)
Closes https://github.com/astral-sh/uv/issues/14874
Closes https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff/issues/23402
uv has fairly extensive test coverage for this functionality but it
seems challenging to copy it over
My smoke test strategy was to ask an LLM to build the wheel and test all
of the cases
```
$ uv build --wheel
Building wheel...
Successfully built dist/ruff-0.15.1-py3-none-macosx_11_0_arm64.whl
$ WHEEL=dist/ruff-0.15.1-py3-none-macosx_11_0_arm64.whl
$ uv venv -q .smoke-venv && uv pip install -q --python .smoke-venv $WHEEL
$ .smoke-venv/bin/python -c "from ruff import find_ruff_bin; print(find_ruff_bin())"
/Users/zb/workspace/ruff/.smoke-venv/bin/ruff
$ .smoke-venv/bin/python -m ruff version
ruff 0.15.1+81 (1e42d4f11 2026-02-18)
$ uv run --no-project --with $WHEEL -- python -c "from ruff import find_ruff_bin; print(find_ruff_bin())"
/Users/zb/.cache/uv/archive-v0/zf7_vNji2jmEGEDox-9Vj/bin/ruff
$ uv run --no-project --with $WHEEL -- python -m ruff version
ruff 0.15.1+81 (1e42d4f11 2026-02-18)
$ uv pip install --target .smoke-target $WHEEL
$ PYTHONPATH=.smoke-target python3 -c "from ruff import find_ruff_bin; print(find_ruff_bin())"
/Users/zb/workspace/ruff/.smoke-target/bin/ruff
$ uv pip install --prefix .smoke-prefix $WHEEL
$ PYTHONPATH=.smoke-prefix/lib/python3.14/site-packages python3 -c "from ruff import find_ruff_bin; print(find_ruff_bin())"
/Users/zb/workspace/ruff/.smoke-prefix/bin/ruff
$ python3 -m pip install --user --break-system-packages $WHEEL
$ python3 -c "from ruff import find_ruff_bin; print(find_ruff_bin())"
/Users/zb/Library/Python/3.13/bin/ruff
$ python3 -m ruff version
ruff 0.15.1+81 (1e42d4f11 2026-02-18)
```