[red-knot] Types for subexpressions of annotations (#14426)
## Summary
This patches up various missing paths where sub-expressions of type
annotations previously had no type attached. Examples include:
```py
tuple[int, str]
# ~~~~~~~~
type[MyClass]
# ~~~~~~~
Literal["foo"]
# ~~~~~
Literal["foo", Literal[1, 2]]
# ~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Literal[1, "a", random.illegal(sub[expr + ession])]
# ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
```
## Test Plan
```
cargo nextest run -p red_knot_workspace -- --ignored linter_af linter_gz
```
