Persist cache info when re-installing cached wheels (#15274)
## Summary
I noticed that these paths aren't returning the cache information, so if
you install through these paths, we actually don't write `uv_cache.json`
at all. I'm not sure how a user would actually end up here, because
assuming there are no bugs, we don't really ever use this path? The
install plan indexes the cached wheels and marks the wheel as installed,
which means it's typically a mistake if we're asking the
`DistributionDatabase` for a wheel that's already available in the
cache... But I did verify that if I _skip_ the install plan's cache
lookup, we write a wheel without `uv_cache.json`, so this is definitely
more correct.
