Add a `--platform` argument to enable resolving against a target platform (#3111)
## Summary
I've wanted to try this for a long time, so decided to give it a shot.
The basic idea is that you can provide a target triple (e.g.,
`--platform x86_64-pc-windows-msvc`) and resolve against that platform,
rather than the currently-running platform. It's functionally similar to
`--python-version`, though a bit simpler since there's no need to engage
with `Requires-Python`.
Our infrastructure is well-setup for this and so, in the end, it's
actually pretty straightforward: for each triple, we just need to
override the markers and platform tags.