Re-add 3 retries in `uv publish` (#12041)
In the publish client, we have to set the client retries to 0 as the
retry middleware is incompatible with upload bodies. This however also
sets `client.retry_policy()` to a zero-retry policy, so we need to
construct our own policy.
Fixes #12027
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Co-authored-by: Zanie Blue <contact@zanie.dev>
