Patch additional sysconfig values such as clang at install time (#9916)
## Summary
Minor follow up to https://github.com/astral-sh/uv/pull/9905 to patch
`clang` with `cc`.
Implements the replacements used in
[sysconfigpatcher](https://github.com/bluss/sysconfigpatcher/blob/main/src/sysconfigpatcher.py#L54),
namely
```python
DEFAULT_VARIABLE_UPDATES = {
"CC": WordReplace("clang", "cc"),
"CXX": WordReplace("clang++", "c++"),
"BLDSHARED": WordReplace("clang", "cc"),
"LDSHARED": WordReplace("clang", "cc"),
"LDCXXSHARED": WordReplace("clang++", "c++"),
"LINKCC": WordReplace("clang", "cc"),
"AR": "ar",
}
```
## Test Plan
Added an additional test. Tested local python installs.
Related traces
```
TRACE Updated `AR` from `/tools/clang-linux64/bin/llvm-ar` to `ar`
TRACE Updated `CC` from `clang -pthread` to `cc -pthread`
TRACE Updated `CXX` from `clang++ -pthread` to `c++ -pthread`
TRACE Updated `BLDSHARED` from `clang -pthread -shared -L/tools/deps/lib` to `cc -pthread -shared -L/tools/deps/lib`
TRACE Updated `LDSHARED` from `clang -pthread -shared -L/tools/deps/lib` to `cc -pthread -shared -L/tools/deps/lib`
TRACE Updated `LDCXXSHARED` from `clang++ -pthread -shared` to `c++ -pthread -shared`
TRACE Updated `LINKCC` from `clang -pthread` to `cc -pthread
```
## Pending Discussion Items
https://github.com/astral-sh/uv/pull/9905#issuecomment-2543879587