[SYCL][NFC] Refactor sycl-post-link for better error handling and code simplicity (#21579)
This commit improves error handling and simplifies code in
sycl-post-link without changing functionality:
**Error handling improvements:**
- Convert functions to return Error instead of void
- Propagate errors up to the stack to comply with LLVM guidelines
- Introduce ExitOnError pattern for consistent error handling
- Replace error() and checkError() calls with ExitOnErr() for cleaner
flow
**Code refactoring:**
- Refactor simple utility functions reusing LLVM functionality
**Code simplification:**
- Remove unnecessary includes
- Simplify SmallVector declarations by removing
MAX_COLUMNS_IN_FILE_TABLE constant and using default template parameter
These changes prepare the code for extraction to a library component
while improving maintainability and following LLVM error handling
conventions. All refactored functions maintain the same functionality
but with proper error propagation.