chore(geometry/euclidean/sphere/basic): generalize typeclasses (#18605)
`cospherical_empty` asks for `P` to be a real inner product space when all it needs is `nonempty P`.
The motivation for this PR is that it fixes a linter error in #18583; lean complains that we are carrying around the type `V` for no reason.
The alternative here would be to force all these typeclass arguments to be present in the constructor for `euclidean_space.sphere` and use `no_lint unused_arguments`