feat(topology/metric_space/hausdorff_distance): add definition and lemmas about closed thickenings of subsets (#10542)
Add definition and basic API about closed thickenings of subsets in metric spaces, in preparation for the portmanteau theorem on characterizations of weak convergence of Borel probability measures.
Co-authored-by: kkytola <39528102+kkytola@users.noreply.github.com>