golf(data/polynomial/degree/definitions): golf three proofs (#15236)
Lemmas `degree_update_le`, `degree_nonneg_iff_ne_zero` and `degree_le_iff_coeff_zero` have shorter proofs.
All three lemmas use the same axioms as they did before:
```lean
propext
quot.sound
classical.choice
```
The golfing in `degree_le_iff_coeff_zero` is motivated by #15199, where the older version no longer compiles.
Co-authored-by: Yury G. Kudryashov <urkud@urkud.name>