feat(topology/homotopy): define nth homotopy group πₙ (without the group instance) (#14724)
This pull request adds:
- definition of the nth homotopy group `π n x`
- proof of `π 0 x ≃ zeroth_homotopy X` where `x:X`
- proof of `π 1 x ≃ path.homotopic.quotient x x`
Co-authored-by: Junyan Xu <junyanxumath@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Roberto Álvarez <roberto.alvz3@gmail.com>