feat(ring_theory/DVR,padics/padic_integers): characterize ideals of DVRs, apply to `Z_p` (#3827)
Also introduce the p-adic valuation on `Z_p`, stolen from the perfectoid project.
Coauthored by: Johan Commelin <johan@commelin.net>
Co-authored-by: Rob Lewis <rob.y.lewis@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Johan Commelin <johan@commelin.net>