feat(data/polynomial/degree/lemmas): add induction principle for non-constant polynomials (#8463)
This PR introduces an induction principle to prove that a property holds for non-constant polynomials. It suffices to check that the property holds for
* the sum of a constant polynomial and any polynomial for which the property holds;
* the sum of any two polynomials for which the property holds;
* for non-constant monomials.
I plan to use this to show that polynomials with coefficients in `ℕ` are monotone.