feat(algebra.algebra.subalgebra): add `subalgebra.gc_map_comap` (#9435)
Other changes:
* add `linear_map.coe_inl`/`linear_map.coe_inr` and move `@[simp]` from `inl_apply`/`inr_apply` to these lemmas;
* fix a typo in the name (`adjoint` → `adjoin`);
* drop `algebra.adjoin_inl_union_inr_le_prod `: we prove an equality anyway;
* add `alg_hom.map_adjoin` (same as `(adjoin_image _ _ _).symm`) to match `monoid_hom.map_closure` etc.