refactor(analysis/normed_space): use `lt` in rescale_to_shell, DRY (#4969)
* Use strict inequality for the upper bound in `rescale_to_shell`.
* Deduplicate some proofs about operator norm.
* Add `linear_map.bound_of_shell`, `continuous_linear_map.op_norm_le_of_shell`, and `continuous_linear_map.op_norm_le_of_shell'`.