feat(topology/continuous_function/zero_at_infty): add more instances for zero_at_infty_continuous_map and establish C₀ functorial properties (#13196)
This adds more instances for the type `C₀(α, β)` of continuous functions vanishing at infinity. Notably, these new instances include its non-unital ring, normed space and star structures, culminating with `cstar_ring` when `β` is a `cstar_ring` which is also a `topological_ring`.
In addition, this establishes functorial properties of `C₀(-, β)` for various choices of algebraic categories involving `β`. The domain of these (contravariant) functors is the category of topological spaces with cocompact continuous maps, and the functor applied to a cocompact map is given by pre-composition.