feat(ring_theory/valuation/valuation_ring): Valuation rings and their associated valuation. (#12719)
This PR defines a class `valuation_ring`, stating that an integral domain is a valuation ring.
We also show that valuation rings induce valuations on their fraction fields, that valuation rings are local, and that their lattice of ideals is totally ordered.
Co-authored-by: Adam Topaz <adamtopaz@users.noreply.github.com>