refactor(data/matrix/basic): merge duplicate algebra structures (#8486)
By putting the algebra instance in the same file as `scalar`, a future patch can probably remove `matrix.scalar` entirely (it's just another spelling of `algebra_map`).
Note that we actually had two instances of `algebra R (matrix n n R)` in different files, and the second one was strictly more general than the first. This removes the less general one.
Moving the imports around like this changes the number of simp lemmas available in downstream files, which can make `simp` slow enough to push a proof into a timeout.
A lot of files were expecting a transitive import of `algebra.algebra.basic` to import `data.fintype.card`, which it no longer does; hence the need to add this import explicitly.
There are no new lemmas or generalizations in this change; the old `matrix_algebra` has been deleted, and everything else has been moved with some variables renamed.