feat(number_theory/legendre_symbol): add file quadratic_char.lean (#13503)
This adds the file `quadratic_char.lean` in `number_theory/legendre_symbol/`.
This file contains (apart from some more general stuff on finite fields that is useful for what is done in the file) the definition of the quadratic character on a finite field `F` (with values in the integers) and a number of statements of properties.
It also defines quadratic characters on `zmod 4` and `zmod 8` that will be useful for the supplements to the law of quadratic reciprocity.