chore(algebra/order/field): split out file about powers (#17352)
This just pulls some material about powers of elements in linearly ordered fields into a separate file, as it isn't on the critical path to `linear_ordered_field ℚ`.
This will break in CI a few times as I find the downstream imports that need it.
- [x] depends on: #17350
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Co-authored-by: Scott Morrison <scott.morrison@gmail.com>