feat(group_theory/index): criterion for subgroups of index two (#16629)
* A subgroup has index two if and only if there exists `a` such that for all `b`, `b * a ∈ H` is equivalent to `b ∉ H`.
* For a subgroup of index two, `a * b ∈ H ↔ (a ∈ H ↔ b ∈ H)`.