feat(measure_theory/measure): add a measure_space instance for subtype (#16708)
Using the comap definition added in #15343.
This was predominantly written by Rémy Degenne, and has applications in #2819.
Co-authored-by: Rémy Degenne <remydegenne@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: RemyDegenne <Remydegenne@gmail.com>