feat(analysis/normed_space/spectrum): Prove the Gelfand-Mazur theorem (#12787)
**Gelfand-Mazur theorem** For a complex Banach division algebra, the natural `algebra_map ℂ A` is an algebra isomorphism whose inverse is given by selecting the (unique) element of `spectrum ℂ a`.
- [x] depends on: #12132
Co-authored-by: Eric Wieser <wieser.eric@gmail.com>