feat(data/real/liouville, ring_theory/algebraic): a Liouville number is transcendental! (#6204)
This is an annotated proof. It finishes the first half of the Liouville PR.
A taste of what is to come in a future PR: a proof that Liouville numbers actually exist!
Co-authored-by: Jujian Zhang <jujian.zhang1998@outlook.com>