feat(number_theory/arithmetic_function): define `is_multiplicative` on `arithmetic_function`s, provides examples (#4312)
Provides a few basic examples of important arithmetic functions
Defines what it means for an arithmetic function to be multiplicative
Co-authored-by: Aaron Anderson <65780815+awainverse@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Bryan Gin-ge Chen <bryangingechen@gmail.com>