chore(probability/process): split `probability/stopping.lean` into three files, create `process` folder (#16521)
Split the content of stopping.lean into the following three files:
* filtration.lean: definition and properties of filtrations
* adapted.lean: adapted and progressively measurable processes (and soon predictable as well)
* stopping.lean: stopping times, stopped values and stopped processes
Co-authored-by: Rémy Degenne <remydegenne@gmail.com>