refactor(linear_algebra,analysis/normed_space): use `finite`, review API, golf (#17320)
* replace `fintype_of_fin_dim_affine_independent` with `finite_of_fin_dim_affine_independent`;
* rename old `finite_of_fin_dim_affine_independent` to `finite_set_of_fin_dim_affine_independent`, generalize;
* define `affine_basis.comp_equiv`;
* add `affine_basis.finite`, `affine_basis.finite_set`, `affine_basis.coord_apply_centroid`, `affine_basis.card_eq_finrank_add_one`
* use more precise statement in `exists_affine_basis`, add `exists_affine_subbasis`;
* rename `interior_convex_hull_aff_basis` to `affine_basis.interior_convex_hull`;
* rename `exists_subset_affine_independent_span_eq_top_of_open` to `is_open.exists_between_affine_independent_span_eq_top`, golf;
* add `is_open.exists_subset_affine_independent_span_eq_top`, `is_open.affine_span_eq_top`, `affine_span_eq_top_of_nonempty_interior`, and `affine_basis.centroid_mem_interior_convex_hull`;
* rename `interior_convex_hull_nonempty_iff_aff_span_eq_top` to `interior_convex_hull_nonempty_iff_affine_span_eq_top`