feat(analysis/locally_convex): polar sets for dualities (#12849)
Define the absolute polar for a duality and prove easy properties such as
* `linear_map.polar_eq_Inter`: The polar as an intersection.
* `linear_map.subset_bipolar`: The polar is a subset of the bipolar.
* `linear_map.polar_weak_closed`: The polar is closed in the weak topology induced by `B.flip`.
Moreover, the corresponding lemmas are removed in the normed space setting as they all follow directly from the general case.