chore(data/polynomial/degree): golf some proofs, add simple lemmas (#5185)
* drop `polynomial.nat_degree_C_mul_X_pow_of_nonzero`; was a duplicate
of `polynomial.nat_degree_C_mul_X_pow`;
* golf the proof of `nat_degree_C_mul_X_pow_le`;
* add more `simp` lemmas.