[clang] Add scoped enum support to `StreamingDiagnostic` (#138089)
This patch adds templated `operator<<` for diagnostics that pass scoped
enums, saving people from `llvm::to_underlying()` clutter on the side of
emitting the diagnostic. This eliminates 80 out of 220 usages of
`llvm::to_underlying()` in Clang.
I also backported `std::is_scoped_enum_v` from C++23.