[libc] Template printf_core::Parser to support wchar_t. (#222988)
This is the next step in the ongoing refactor to support wide character
printf functions.
`printf_core::FormatSection` is also templated on character type as it
is required for parser_test. `FormatSection` is named in many more
places. In order to keep this PR on the smaller side, it also gets a
rename + `char` alias in the pattern of `basic_string_view` /
`string_view`.
Assisted-by: Automated tooling, human reviewed.