[clang][ptrauth] reject incorrectly placed ptrauth qualifier (#138376)
When parsing a function pointer typed field we use
Parser::ParseTypeQualifierListOpt, but then drops subsequent type
attributes and qualifiers unless explicitly handled.
There is an existing solution for the _Atomic qualifier, and this PR
simply extends that to __ptrauth for now. In future we may want to
investigate a more robust mechanism to ensure type qualifiers are not
silently dropped so that future type qualifiers do not suffer the same
problem.